英语中表达否定含义的方式各种各样,灵活多变。除了常用的否定词外,使用否定的词缀、带色彩(形式肯定、含义否定)的形容词和动词以及表示方向的介词 / 副词等,都可以实现“正话反说”和“反话正说”的修辞效果。在托福考试中,肯定和否定形式之间的相互转换经常作为考点在托福阅读考试中出现,所以掌握常见的否定考点,对于提升解题经验、技巧和效率有着巨大的帮助。本文以 TPO 中的分类题型为例,探讨否定考点在托福阅读中的应用,希望帮助大家提高认识,正确而又高效地解答带否定考点的托福阅读题目。
一、托福考试中常见的否定形式
词 缀:ab-normal, contra-dict, counter-act, de-forest, dis-organized,
dif-ferent, hetero-geneous, in-credible, im-moral, ir-regular, il-literate, motion-less, mis-interpret, male-volent, mal-nutrition, non-essential, no-thing, op-pose, ob-struction, re-press, un-lock, under-estimate 等;
否定词:no, never, not 等;
副 词:only, barely, hardly, merely, seldom 等;
介 词:out, without, unlike 等;
短 语:too...to... 等。
二、托福阅读中的否定考点
在词汇题中,常见的否定考点有以下几种情况:
1、词缀和否定词
TPO 01:in-credible=un-believable
TPO 03:in-evitable=un-avoidable
TPO 09:in-hospitable=not suitable
TPO 12:im-mobile=motion-less
TPO 15:de-ceiving=mis-leading
TPO 17:in-advertently=un-intentionally
TPO 22:un-anticipated=not expected
TPO 23:in-frequent=un-common
TPO 25:out-dated=old-fashioned
TPO 27:in-tact =un-damaged
TPO 30:in-numerable=count-less
TPO 45:no wonder=un-surprising
2、“正话反说”
TPO 09:objective=un-biased
TPO 09:dormant=in-active
TPO 10:erratic=un-predictable
TPO 11:preposterous=un-believable
TPO 11:artificial=not real
TPO 15:static=un-changing
TPO 22:reluctant=un-willing
TPO 22:accidental=un-intentional
TPO 23:astonishing=in-credible
TPO 36:chaotic=dis-organized
TPO 47:modest=not large
TPO 48:constant=un-changing
3、“反话正说”
TPO 05:un-disputed=acknowledged
TPO 33:un-doubtedly=certainly
4、带色彩(形式肯定、含义否定)的形容词和动词
TPO 03:pales=loses significance
TPO 15:unique among=dif-ferent from all other
TPO 19:hetero-geneous=varied
5、表示方向的介词
TPO 01:out of sight=hidden(反话正说)
TPO 09:at random=without a definite pattern(正话反说)
TPO 37:durable=existing for a long time without significant damage(正话反说)